Source Maps help you debug code by providing mappings from transformed code back to the original formatted source. For example, if you have minified + combined JavaScript files, instead of locating errors at “source=combined.js, line=3, column=4329”, your browser could correctly identify the error at “source=validate.js, line=168, column=14”.
Similar mappings could be created for CSS (SASS/LESS), or other languages that compile to JavaScript (CoffeeScript, C code passed through enscripten, etc.).